[5] Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor from 1745 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1737. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture." The grand dukes of Tuscany. He was restored the same year by Austrian troops. He died unmarried. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. On 30 May 1808, Etruria was formally annexed to France. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Alessandro’s death did not terminate the Medici family’s power in Florence.A younger branch of the family, descendants of the Lorenzo who had been the brother of Cosimo the Elder, now came forward.Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–74), great-great-grandson of Lorenzo, became duke of Florence, then grand duke of Tuscany (1569), and reigned as Cosimo I. Livorno-Wikipedia Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. [56], Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. [12] Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. The annual revenue amounted to some 25,000,000 lire, (about $4,000,000,) produced from the land-tax, customs, salt and tobacco monopolies, lotteries, &,c. The public debt is small, and its security unquestioned. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. Cosimo III was succeeded by his son, Gian Gastone, who, for most of his life, kept to his bed and acted in an unregal manner, rarely appearing to his subjects, to the extent that, at times, he had been thought dead. He was the eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); Its ship-building is extensive, and vessels of war of 60 guns have been built in its slips. The Grand Duke was an Austrian ; but the policy of the government has long bean distinguished for its liberality and efficiency. [28] Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. [24] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques François Menou. The Duke of Lucca, after negotiations with the Duke of Modena and Reggio and the Grand Duke of Tuscany in the Treaty of Florence (1844), decided to abdicate the throne of Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. #ga-ad {display: none;} Ferdinando II de' Medici was grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. Historical Flags and Coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later. [43] The administrative structure of the grand duchy itself would see little change under Francis I. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. It was conquered by Napoleonic France in the late 18th century and became part of the Italian Republic in the 19th century. [33] The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. [46]. Cosimo's 53-year-long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of ultra-reactionary laws which regulated prostitution and banned May celebrations. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. Tuscany was neutral during the War of the Spanish Succession, partly due to Tuscany's ramshackle military; a 1718 military review revealed that the army numbered less than 3,000 men, many of whom were infirm and elderly. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. Italian States, Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The grand duke was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849. The order was permanently abolished in 1859 by the annexation of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from Great Britain. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. [6], The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany (1723-1737) Cosimo I de' Medici (1519 – 1574) Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. It was conquered by Napoleonic France in the late 18th century and became part of the Italian Republic in the 19th century. Edit source History Talk (0) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Grand Duchy of Tuscany. var d = new Date(); [45], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23 January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane.