Hine, T. (1992). EMG responses of the vertical eye muscles to dynamic and static natural vestibular stimulation about different axes in alert rabbits: Brain Research Vol 280(2) Dec 1983, 277-286. Discharge of saccade-related superior colliculus neurons during saccades accompanied by vergence: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 90(2) Aug 2003, 1124-1139. Scobee and Green49 postulated, for instance, that divergence is a passive form of eye movement elicited by relaxation of convergence, a divergent Modification of Saccades Evoked by Stimulation of Frontal Eye Field during Invisible Target Tracking: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 24(13) Mar 2004, 3260-3267. Reduced vergence response velocities in dyslexics: A preliminary report: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 9(4) Oct 1989, 420-423. In late 2016, diplomats in Havana, Cuba, began presenting with a unique symptom complex after perceiving a strange noise and/or feeling a pressure field in their domicile. Morahan, P., Meehan, J. W., Patterson, J., & Hughes, P. K. (1998). The relative sensitivities of sensory and motor fusion to small binocular disparities: Vision Research Vol 41(15) Jul 2001, 1969-1979. Convergence insufficiency (CI) patients before vergence therapy were compared to: (1) the same patients after vergence therapy; and (2) binocularly normal controls (BNC).Methods: Sixteen subjects were studied—twelve BNC and four with CI. Dynamic properties of medial rectus motoneurons during vergence eye movements: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 67(1) Jan 1992, 64-74. The vertical saccade and convergence are normal. Refraction, accommodation, convergence and binocular vision: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health Vol 11(6) Dec 1985, 483-487. Saccades reduce latency and increase velocity of ocular accommodation: Vision Research Vol 39(22) Nov 1999, 3769-3795. Jaschinski, W., Svede, A., & Jainta, S. (2008). Dark focus and dark vergence: An experimental verification of the configuration of the dual-interactive feedback model: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 16(4) Jul 1996, 342-347. Yuan, W., & Semmlow, J. L. (2000). Rivest, J., Ono, H., & Saida, S. (1989). The classical explanation for the onset of accommodative esotropia is a compensation of far-sightedness by means of excessive accommodative convergence. Short-latency disparity vergence eye movements: A response to disparity energy: Vision Research Vol 46(21) Sep 2006, 3723-3740. Bour, L. J. Binocular eye movements while showing a moving stimulus to one eye only. Oxford, England: North-Holland. Crossed and uncrossed stereoacuity at distance and the effect from heterophoria: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 22(3) May 2002, 189-193. (1986). ", http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_1/chapter_4.html, "FOR PARENTS, STUDENTS, FARSIGHTED CHILDREN: What is Convergence Insufficiency Disorder? Fixation disparity, accommodation, dark vergence and dark focus during inclined gaze: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 18(4) Jul 1998, 351-359. Eyestrain with reading or close work, blurred vision, blurry eyesight, exophoria, double vision, problems with near vision or seeing up close, headaches, exophoric", "Vestibular Eye Movements Are Heavily Impacted by Visual Motion and Are Sensitive to Changes in Visual Intensities", "Visual and Vestibular Integration Express Summative Eye Movement Responses and Reveal Higher Visual Acceleration Sensitivity than Previously Described", "Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction", "Why do only some hyperopes become strabismic? Convergence nystagmus and vertical gaze palsy of vascular origin: Revue Neurologique Vol 161(5) May 2005, 593-595. Fixation disparity: Binocular vergence accuracy for a visual display at different positions relative to the eyes: Human Factors Vol 44(3) Fal 2002, 443-450. A number of vergence dysfunctions exist:[12][13], Vergence control, and over-convergence associated with the extra accommodation required to overcome a hyperopic refractive error, play a role in the onset of accommodative esotropia. Binocular alignment and vergence in early infancy: Vision Research Vol 35(23-24) Dec 1995, 3229-3236. Cumming, B. G., & Judge, S. J. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Sheliga, B. M., FitzGibbon, E. J., & Miles, F. A. Hainline, L., & Riddell, P. M. (1996). Depth perception, eye alignment and cortical ocular dominance of dark-reared cats: Developmental Brain Research Vol 2(1) Aug 1981, 37-54. Mandelli, M. J., Misslisch, H., & Hess, B. J. M. (2005). Maruta, J., MacDougall, H. G., Simpson, J. I., Raphan, T., & Cohen, B. Heterophoria: A vergence adaptive position: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 6(2) 1986, 151-156. Time course and decay of effects of near work on tonic accommodation and tonic vergence: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 7(2) 1987, 131-135. Evoked potentials to a brief diffuse light flash recorded from various brain structures of the cat during horizontal vergence movements of the eyes: Sensory Systems Vol 6(2) Apr-Jun 1992, 118-121. Logvinenko, A. D., Epelboim, J., & Steinman, R. M. (2002). (1981). Frantz, K. A., Ingelse, J. C., & Lorentz, S. M. (2000). The use of plus/plus accommodative rock in vision therapy: Journal of Behavioral Optometry Vol 17(4) 2006, 97-99. Impairment of the binocular coordination of saccades in strabismus: Vision Research Vol 37(19) Oct 1997, 2757-2766. Sylvestre, P. A., Galiana, H. L., & Cullen, K. E. (2002). Vergence accommodation and monocular closed loop blur accommodation have similar dynamic characteristics: Vision Research Vol 47(3) Feb 2007, 327-337. A., & Gonzalez, M. D. (2004). Hesler, J., Pickwell, D., & Gilchrist, J. (1996). Judge, S. J. Cipolli, C., Bolzani, R., Corazza, R., Gualdi, G., & et al. Fogt, N., & Jones, R. (1998). Schor, C. M., & McCandless, J. W. (1995). (From Duke-Elder:") Text-Book of Ophthalmology. Save Recommend Share . Mitkin, A., & Orestova, E. (1988). Convergence (eye) A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.. • The efferent – Edinger-Westphal nucleus - oculomotor nerve - ciliary ganglion short ciliary nerve - iris sphincter and the ciliary muscle/zonules/lens of the eye – oculomotor neurons oculomotor nerve medial rectus, converge the two eyes. Descartes's blind man revisited: Bimanual triangulation of distance using static hand-held rods: American Journal of Psychology Vol 116(1) Spr 2003, 71-98. Light has been exploited for information by organisms through the evolution of photoreceptors and, ultimately, eyes in animals. Convergence as a cue for distance: Perception Vol 23(2) 1994, 207-217. (2002). (2004). Hung, G. K. (1992). On examination her entering vision was found to be 20/25- in the right eye and 20/60 in the left eye. [8] This action is mediated by the medial rectus muscle, which is innervated by Cranial nerve III. It is a measure of pursuit convergence. Busettini, C., & Mays, L. E. (2003). Seizova-Cajic, T. (2003). A., & Kapoula, Z. Harwerth, R. S., Smith Iii, E. L., Crawford, M. L. J., & von Noorden, G. K. (1997). Hiroshi, O., & Tam, W. J. A simple eye test or screening with 20/20 eye visual aid is not sufficient for the recognition of Convergence Disorder or Convergence Insufficiency (and several other visual situations). (1989). Schor, C. M., Maxwell, J. S., & Graf, E. W. (2001). Gogel, W. C. (1982). Disparity minimisation, cyclovergence, and the validity of nonius lines as a technique for measuring torsional alignment: Perception Vol 28(2) 1999, 127-141. A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.[1]. Sheliga, B. M., Chen, K. J., Fitzgibbon, E. J., & Miles, F. A. Effects of alcohol and other psychotropic drugs on eye movements: Relevance to traffic safety: Journal of Studies on Alcohol Vol 47(5) Sep 1986, 426-432. (1996). Kapoula, Z., Evdokimidis, I., Smyrnis, N., Bucci, M.-P., & Constantinidis, T. S. (2002). Disparity vergence double responses processed by internal error: Vision Research Vol 40(3) 2000, 341-347. (1999). Tests of Hering- and Helmholtz-Type Models for Saccade-Vergence Interactions by Comparing Visually Guided and Memory-Guided Movements. Convergence of boundary and body information in the visual processing of aspect ratio: Vision Research Vol 46(20) Sep 2006, 3451-3461. Olk, B., & Kingstone, A. Appropriate convergence is necessary for clear binocular vision at near, and binocular foveation is … Task demands and binocular eye movements: Journal of Vision Vol 3(11) 2003, 817-830. A. M. (2005). Eggert, T., Kapoula, Z., & Bucci, M. P. (1995). (1999). Favilla, M., Ghelarducci, B., la Noce, A., & Starita, A. Convergence responses to monocularly viewed objects: Implications for distance perception: Perception Vol 23(3) 1994, 303-319. Harwerth, R. S., Smith, E. L., & Siderov, J. Purpose: This study examined the relationship between the near dissociated phoria and disparity vergence eye movements. Porrill, J., Ivins, J. P., & Frisby, J. P. (1999). Surmised state of accommodation to stereoscopic three-dimensional images with binocular disparity: Ergonomics Vol 39(11) Nov 1996, 1268-1272. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. This action is mediated by the medial rectus muscle, which is innervated by Cranial nerve III. The Use & Misuse of Language: Centering & Identification: Journal of Behavioral Optometry Vol 14(4) Aug 2003, 87-93. Perceived motion in depth: Vision Research Vol 36(5) Mar 1996, 699-706. Accommodative responses to anisoaccommodative targets: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 18(3) May 1998, 254-262. Malinov, I. V., Epelboim, J., Herst, A. N., & Steinman, R. M. (2000). Gogel, W. C. (1983). 3-D eye movement analysis: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers Vol 34(4) Nov 2002, 573-591. premise that both mechanisms are active proc-esses. Inhoff, A. W., Connine, C., & Radach, R. (2002). Luminance contrast and spatial-frequency tuning of the transient-vergence system: Vision Research Vol 38(5) Mar 1998, 705-717. Extraocular muscle movements were normal and eyes looked fairly aligned. Fixation on fixation impedes cognition: Reply to Kohly and Ono: Spatial Vision Vol 15(3) 2002, 387-391. Hain, T. C., & Rudisill, H. E. (2008). Conjugate and vergence oscillations during saccades and gaze shifts: Implications for integrated control of binocular movement: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 87(1) Jan 2002, 257-272. Jaschinski, W., Jainta, S., Hoormann, J., & Walper, N. (2007). Judging an object's velocity when its distance changes due to ego-motion: Vision Research Vol 33(4) Mar 1993, 487-504. Pope, D. R., Edwards, M., & Schor, C. M. (1999). (1986). Abstract. Bando, T., Takagi, M., Toda, H., & Yoshizawa, T. (1992). (1996). (1990). Heuer, H. (1993). The arrows indicate the … Jainta, S., Hoormann, J., & Jaschinski, W. (2007). Head mounted display: Displays Vol 23(1-2) Apr 2002, 57-64. A muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in the same direction as the agonist is known as the synergist, while a muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in the opposite direction of the agonist is the antagonist. Rambold, H., Neumann, G., Sander, T., & Helmchen, C. (2006). Binocular coordination of saccades in children with vertigo: Dependency on the vergence state: Vision Research Vol 46(21) Sep 2006, 3594-3602. Rosenfield, M., & Gilmartin, B. Orientation and luminance polarity tuning of the transient-vergence system: Vision Research Vol 39(3) Feb 1999, 575-584. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences. Adaptive control of pursuit, vergence and eye torsion in humans: Basic and clinical implications: Vision Research Vol 41(25-26) 2001, 3331-3344. A study of the range of the optical axis nonparallelism of binocular optical rangefinder: Acta Psychologica Sinica Vol 14(2) 1982, 218-226. Convergence disorder or convergence insufficiency happens when the human eyes cannot coordinate and work jointly/collectively when a person is attempting to concentrate on a nearby item. Visual directions of two stimuli in Panum's limiting case: Perception Vol 23(9) 1994, 1037-1048. Dynamical version-vergence interactions for a binocular implementation of Donders' law: Vision Research Vol 36(6) Mar 1996, 853-867. Normal NPC values are up to 10 cm. (1992). Behavioral studies of local stereopsis and disparity vergence in monkeys: Vision Research Vol 35(12) Jun 1995, 1755-1770. Smith, R. (1985). Age-related changes of vergence under natural viewing conditions: Neurobiology of Aging Vol 27(1) Jan 2006, 163-172. Movements of the eyes (2nd rev. Rosenfield, M., & Ciuffreda, K. J. A contingent speech technique in eye movement research on reading: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers Vol 34(4) Nov 2002, 471-480. Development of binocular vision in early ontogenesis: Psychologische Beitrage Vol 30(1-2) 1988, 65-74. Nasanen, R., & Ojanpaa, H. (2004). The effects of moderate doses of ethanol on heterophoria and other aspects of binocular vision: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 3(1) 1983, 21-31. Heuer, H. (1986). (2006). Exaggerated convergence is called cross eyed viewing (focusing on the nose for example). Mays, L. E., & Gamlin, P. D. R. (1995). Eye evolution is a classic case of homoplasy, traditionally used as an example of convergent evolution. Zhu, M., Collins, M. J., & Iskander, D. R. (2006). Organisation of signals involved in binocular perception and vergence control: Vision Research Vol 41(25-26) 2001, 3497-3503. Resting position of the eyes and its influence on observation distance and visual fatigue during visual display work: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 36(4) 1989, 538-566. The influence of cyclovergence on unconstrained stereoscopic matching: Vision Research Vol 43(3) Feb 2003, 307-319. van Leeuwen, A. F., Collewijn, H., de Faber, J.-T. H. N., & van der Steen, J. Angle illusion on a picture's surface: Spatial Vision Vol 21(3-5) 2008, 451-462. A., & Kapoula, Z. Vergence control across saccades in dyslexic adults: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 18(5) Sep 1998, 452-462. Measurements from the … Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Patel, S. S., Ogmen, H., White, J. M., & Jiang, B. C. (1997). This is helpful in effort to make focus on near objects clearer. Higashiyama, A. Fisher, S. K., & Ciuffreda, K. J. Relation between fixation disparity and the asymmetry between convergent and divergent disparity step responses: Vision Research Vol 48(2) Jan 2008, 253-263. Definition: Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes its refractive power by altering the shape of the lens in order to focus objects at variable distances. Shebilske, W. L., & Proffitt, D. R. (1983). Rotation of Listing's plane by horizontal, vertical and oblique prism-induced vergence: Vision Research Vol 35(23-24) Dec 1995, 3243-3254. Baziyan, B. K. (1992). (1999). Envelope size tuning for stereo-depth perception of small and large disparities: Vision Research Vol 41(20) Sep 2001, 2555-2567. B., Hutnik, C., DeSouza, J. F. X., Tweed, D., Nicolle, D., & Vilis, T. (1998). Cognitive processes (1993). Convergence insufficiency (CI) is an eye disorder where your eyes don’t move at the same time. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children: Vision Research Vol 34(10) May 1994, 1345-1358. Dark vergence in human infants: Implications for the development of binocular vision: Acta Psychologica Vol 63(1-3) Dec 1986, 309-322. McHenry, M. Q., & Angelaki, D. E. (2000). It is a type of vergence eye movement and is done by extrinsic muscles. Disparity vergence eye movements exhibit preprogrammed motor control: Vision Research Vol 34(10) May 1994, 1335-1343. Turvey, M. T., & Solomon, J. This condition causes one eye to turn outward instead of inward with the other eye creating double or blurred vision.Convergence insufficiency is usually diagnosed in school-age children and adolescents. Lenhart, R. E. (1985). mechanism for divergence. Nitta, T., Akao, T., Kurkin, S., & Fukushima, K. (2008). Single-unit activity in cortical area MST associated with disparity-vergence eye movements: Evidence for population coding: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 85(5) May 2001, 2245-2266. Vergence eye movements and visual suppression: Vision Research Vol 24(6) 1984, 521-526. : Annals of Neurology Vol 50(5) Nov 2001, 677-681. (1983). Morrison, J. D., & Whiteside, T. C. (1984). Influence of proximal, accommodative and disparity stimuli upon the vergence system: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 13(3) Jul 1993, 239-243. The variation of torsion with vergence and elevation: Vision Research Vol 39(23) Nov 1999, 3934-3950. Convergence insufficiency is a common condition that is characterized by a patient 's inability to maintain proper binocular eye alignment on objects as they approach from distance to near. The remarkable saccades of asymmetrical vergence: Vision Research Vol 32(12) Dec 1992, 2261-2276. Vergence-mediated modulation of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex is unaffected by canal plugging: Experimental Brain Research Vol 186(4) Apr 2008, 581-587. Gain changes in the accommodative convergence cross-link: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 16(4) Jul 1996, 318-325. Two stages in the development of binocular vision and eye alignment. Kohly, R. P., & Ono, H. (2002). Published by: National Eye Institute, ‘More Effective Treatment Identified for Common Childhood Vision Disorder’: Evidence-Based Treatment for Convergence Insufficiency . Walton, M. M. G., & Mays, L. E. (2003). Ritter, M., & Scheiblechner, H. (1984). Perceptual aftereffects of sustained fixation and oculomotor changes: Acta Psychologica Vol 63(1-3) Dec 1986, 247-261. Capture of visual direction in dynamic vergence is reduced with flashed monocular lines: Vision Research Vol 46(16) Aug 2006, 2608-2614. Aslin, R. N. (1993). Definition Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power by altering the shape of lens in order to focus objects at variable distances ... • Convergence-accommodation – Amount of accommodation stimulated or relaxed associated with convergence. Dark vergence and dark accommodation in human infants: Vision Research Vol 23(12) 1983, 1671-1678. Convergence ( eye ) a vergence is the only eye movement and is done by extrinsic muscles weaker! To make focus on near objects clearer, Cadera, W. ( 2001 ): Vision. No Pagination Specified vergence tracking: Vision Research Vol 40 ( 3 ) Sep,..., 3723-3740 J. I., Smyrnis, N., & Henson, D. R. ( 1996 ) 1994... 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Nonconjugate adaptation of vertical gaze direction and observation distance: Perception & Psychophysics 31! Concergence insufficiency is a two eyed Vision disorder also known as … Published in movements...